According to us English dictionary, invention is the idea of
something that is newly designed or created the activity of which the designing
and creation of a new thing.
These invention don’t generate by means of accident or in
random order according to studies science and technology progress was very
logical in nature with each discovery to lead.
As an example of multiple ideas that what could ease our
burden on a daily basis. Why did I said that?
Apparently we are living in the era
wherein we are experiencing the most and rapid technological advancement on our
daily life. Best examples are phones that we are using now a days. From the
year 1973 where in Motorola handheld mobile phone was released further
advancement had been done and continuously re-invent to suites our daily task.
While innovation, according to Merriam Webster dictionary,
it is define as the introduction of something new.
“When we think about innovation, we try
really hard to see into the future. What could we invent? What could make a
difference in the world? Sometimes, innovation is about new ideas and products.
Other times, however, innovation is about reinvention (what could we be doing
differently?). Some of the best innovation is a fusion — taking new ideas or
products and applying them to existing methods and processes” from Ivo Lukas.
Developing a solid strategy is one thing, but execution is what sets apart the ‘okay’ companies from the ‘great’ ones. The Palm Pilot PDA was a game-changer for corporate business people in 1997. But then Blackberry began monopolizing the mobile industry in 1999 with mobile phones that operated like PDA’s, striking a blow to Palm. Yet, Blackberry lost its place as a market leader almost immediately once Apple’s iPhone gathered a following after 2007. Looking at the smartphones we use today, however, we see that the basic idea is having a personal assistant in a portable device, which his exactly the idea Palm had pioneered so many years ago. They had the answer right out of the gate. If they would’ve taken their strategy and capitalized on the mobile phone PDA concept sooner, then who knows? Palm Pilots could have been the mobile device of the 21st century.
Technology is changing fast.
Technology refers to methods, systems, and devices which are the result of scientific knowledge being used for practical purposes.
Technology is an element of human existence that evolves according to generational progression. Every generation has approached technology and how it impacts their lives quite differently. Younger generations incessantly express their impatience with their predecessor’s deliberateness to integrate innovative technologies into their daily lives, while their predecessors are bewildered as to why their successors are so eager to incorporate such raw technologies. The common terminology used for this difference of opinion is known as a “generational gap”. Historically, we can observe this dispute through the information revolution initiated by Johannes Guttenberg, the inventor of the printing press.
Incremental is
used to describe something that increases in value or worth, often by a regular amount.
...our ability to add production capacity at relatively low incremental cost. “We are seeking continuous, incremental improvements, not great breakthroughs.”
What are radical innovation and incremental innovation?
A
radical or disruptive innovation
is an innovation that has a significant impact on a market
and on the economic activity of firms in that market. This concept focuses on
the impact of innovations as opposed to their novelty. The innovation could,
for example, change the structure of the market, create new markets or render
existing products obsolete.
However, it might not
be apparent that an innovation is disruptive until long after it has been
introduced, and the cut-off point between incremental and radical innovation
might be set at different levels. This makes it difficult to collect data on
disruptive innovations within the period reviewed in an innovation survey,
typically two years. In Schumpeter’s view “radical” innovations create major
disruptive changes, whereas “incremental” innovations continuously advance the
process of change (Schumpeter, 1942).
Incremental
innovation
This concerns an existing product, service, process, organization or method whose performance has been significantly enhanced or upgraded. This can take two forms: For example, a simple product may be improved (in terms of improved performance or lower cost) through use of higher performance components or materials, or a complex product comprising a number of integrated technical subsystems may be improved by partial changes to one of the subsystems.
How important are
radical and incremental innovations?
Incremental
innovation most prevalent
“Incremental innovation is the dominant form of innovation. Radical innovation is generally a complex process, rather than a discrete event, and generally implies a difficult, lengthy and risky process. Smaller firms, or new market entrants, can play important roles in introducing radical innovations. “
For instance, Puga and Trefler (2010) provide evidence of
the rise of incremental innovation in low-wage countries and show how it has
been contributing to increasing exports of high-quality and sophisticated
manufactured goods.
What are the policy implications of the distinction between radical and incremental innovations?
“Because innovations are of different types, occur in many different ways, and have varying effects, they call for different policy responses. For example, research has found that policies that address the tail-end of the product innovation cycle and encourage demand for innovation are more likely to stimulate incremental innovation than to foster radical innovation “(Nemet, 2009).
“By contrast, publicly funded research has often been found to be critical prior to the introduction of many of the radical innovations of the past. The latter is better induced through technology- (or supply)- push policies” (OECD, 2009).
Reader Question: Why do some great movies fail at box office while others succeed?
In your opinion why do many great movies fail to get money in boxoffice as Shawshank Redemption, or Hurt Locker or Coens films as Miller’s Crossing and Barton Fink, while others as Crouching Tiger, Pulp Fiction, Slumdog Millionaire and Full Monty hit?
Is it a fluke? Bad timing? Marketing problems? Generation thinking?
There are two major issues re Shawshank. First is the date of release. While in
today’s market, there’s virtually no slack time for movies, back in 1994, late
September was considered to be a slow period for box office — after summer
blockbusters, kids back in school, and so on. The general thinking was that if
a studio released a good movie that connected with adults, the film would have
a chance for a nice long run through the fall with little competition. But that
assumes the movie resonates with adults. If it doesn’t, there are no kids or
teens around to buttress sales.
And here’s the deal: Shawshank did not find an audience when it was in general
release, or at least not a big enough one. Why?
The simple fact is that the studio (Columbia) didn’t know how to market it.
Check out the trailer:
And here’s the deal: Shawshank did not find an audience when it was in general
release, or at least not a big enough one. Why?
The simple fact is that the studio (Columbia) didn’t know how to market it.
Check out the trailer:
And here’s the deal: Shawshank did not find an audience when it was in general
release, or at least not a big enough one. Why?
The simple fact is that the studio (Columbia) didn’t know how to market it.
Check out the trailer:
And here’s the deal: Shawshank did not find an audience when it was in general
release, or at least not a big enough one. Why?
The simple fact is that the studio (Columbia) didn’t know how to market it.
Check out the trailer:
You mention one of the greatest examples of the “great
movie = bad box office” phenomenon in The Shawshank Redemption. The movie,
released on September 23, 1994, grossed only $28M, a disappointment considering the quality of the movie
and the fact that it ended up receiving 7 Academy Award nominations. It was
only after it aired on TNT seemingly every week for like 2 years that it became
the cultural phenomenon that it is (currently the #1 rated movie on IMDB.com).
Differentiation
of E governance from E government
According to William Sheridan, e Government and e-governance can be defined as two very distinct terms. E Government is a broader topic that deals with the whole spectrum of the relationship and networks within government regarding the usage and application of ICTs.
E Government is actually a narrower discipline dealing with the development of online services to the citizen, more the e on any particular government service – such as e-tax, e-transportation or e-health. e-Governance is a wider concept that defines and assesses the impacts technologies are having on the practice and administration of governments and the relationships between public servants and the wider society, such as dealings with the elected bodies or outside groups such as not for profits organizations, NGOs or private sector corporate entities. E Government encompasses a series of necessary steps for government agencies to develop and administer to ensure successful implementation of e-government services to the public at large. The differences between these two important constructs are explored further in this essay.
The Basis of the Service
e-Government is an institutional approach to jurisdictional political operations. E-Governance is a procedural approach to co-operative administrative relations, i.e. the encompassing of basic and standard procedures within the confines of public administration. It is the latter that acts as the lynch-pin that will ensure success of the delivery of e-services.
The “E” part of both
e-government and e-governance stands for the electronic platform or
infrastructure that enables and supports the networking of public policy
development and deployment. It is by now widely acknowledged that the original
impetus for acquiring and using electronic apparatus in government and
governance arose from the earlier successes with the same kind of strategy in
commerce. E-Commerce had previously rested on credit and debit card processing
for purchases, and on faxing of bulk orders and subsequent invoices in
business-to-business transactions. In Canada, the United States and the United
Kingdom, for example, the emergence of e-commerce by the private sector helped
to stimulate and drive the evolution of e-government within departments and
agencies.
At the political leadership
level it was clear that e-commerce was reflecting the enormous changes taking
place in the economies of countries in the developed world. The evolution and
growing importance of e-Commerce in the economies of nations stimulated the
need for government to move to the Internet to deliver e-government programs
and services at every level of society. This has been an evolution over the
past ten years with most developed countries now having extensive e-government
programs and significant website presences now being used by hundreds of millions
of citizens worldwide. For example, in Canada the latest statistics indicate
that 75.6% of citizens have access to the Internet and the worldwide web either
at home or from an outside source such as the work place or an educational
institution. In Canada, 52% of Canadians online go to government web sites at
either the national, provincial or local governments. Access figures are
similar in most developed countries.
The transformation of the
Internet from an academic research network to a publicly accessible information
utility prompted increasing numbers of businesses to create a “web presence”.
The initial postings were mostly electronic advertising brochures and product catalogs, with invitations to “order by phone”. As e-commerce came to the fore
it became apparent to governments that customer expectations were moving in the
direction of greater speed and convenience for transactions; so direct ordering
through the Internet was developed and launched. The only issue, which still
inhibits the public from taking full advantage of e-commerce, is the concern
with security of information and funds, a challenge which is also reflected in
e-government and e-governance. As noted, the success of e-commerce drove
governments to realize that citizens, now able to undertake transactions
online, capable of using email as an important communications tool that sped up
and changed the way we communicated with each other. The evolution of the
worldwide web in the early 1990s created expectations that if businesses and
the population at large could engage in online commerce and share knowledge and
information in ways never before conceived, then it was incumbent on
governments to provide online services. This phenomenon was a case of
governments having to respond to a cultural change in the way people dealt with
each other and with groups in society on an international basis. The high
expectations of change resulted, by the mid-1990 in rapid development of
e-government services.
In essence, because the public
liked e-commerce when it worked properly, they began to want their governments
to perform in the same way. In terms of services provided, e-government and
e-governance developed along the same trajectory as had e-commerce previously.
The internal operational aspects of e-commerce included rationalizing supply
chains and business rules. This aspect was referred to as “back office”
requirements in government, and it focused around rationalized workflow and
information sharing.
The E Governance Models
According to Prof Dr. Arie Halachimi, E-governance is the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in governance functioning. This is far beyond than mere computerization and implies fundamental change in the way government operates. According to the World bank “E-Government is to the use by government agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different ends: better delivery of government services to citizens, improved interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient government management. The resulting benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or cost reductions.”
Broadcasting
Model: In this as name
implies information is broadcast to wider public domain through use of ICT and
convergent media. This models strength is its focus on spreading information to
wider mass and through this citizen will be able to judge functioning of
existing government mechanism and able to take informed decision. This empowers
them and they are in a better position to exercise their rights and
responsibilities.
Public Domain -> Wider Public Domain
|
Applications:
- Displaying governmental laws and legislation online.
- Making available details of local/ regional/ national government officials online.
- Making available information such as governmental plans, budgets, expenditures, and performance reports online.
- Putting key judicial decisions which are of value to general citizens and create precedence for future actions online. Viz. key environmental decisions, state vs. citizen decisions etc.
The Critical flow Model: In this information of critical value (which by its very
nature will not be disclosed by those involved with bad governance) is
channelized to targeted section into the public domain through use of ICT.
Targeted audience may include media, affected parties, opposition parties,
judicial bench, independent investigators or the general public. This model is
more focused in terms of its information content and intended users. Due to
critical aspect of information this model exposes weakest aspects of governance
and decision making process inform people about failure in specific cases and
bad governance and build up momentum for concerted action. At the same time it
builds pressure on concerned government organizations / institutions and
individuals to take into cognizance the opinions and interest of masses in
decision making mechanism.
Examples: WikiLeaks, Global
Transparency International, India Central Vigilance Committee etc.
Critical Domain -> Teargeted Domain
|
The use of Critical Flow Model requires a foresight of:
Understanding the "critical and use value" of a particular
information set.
How or from where this information could be obtained.
How the information could be used strategically.
Who are the best target group for such information- the users for whom the availability of this information will make a huge difference?
Applications:
- Making available corruption related data about a particular Ministry / Division/ Officials online to its electoral constituency or to the concerned regulatory body.
- To make available Research studies, Inquiry reports, Impact studies commissioned by the Government or Independent commissions to the affected parties.
- To Make Human Rights Violations cases freely available to Judiciary, NGOs and concerned citizens.
- Making available information that is usually suppressed, for instance, Environmental Information on radioactivity spills, effluents discharge information on green ratings of the company to concerned community.
Applications:
- To learn from past policies and actions and derive lessons for future policy-making.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of the current policies and identify key learning in terms of strengths and weaknesses in the policies.
- To effectively establish conditions of precedence, especially in the case of Judicial or legal decision-making (example for resolving patent-related disputes, public goods ownership rights), and use it to influence/ advocate future decision-making.
- To enable informed decision-making at all levels by enhancing the background knowledge and also providing a rationale for action.
- To evaluate the performance and track-record of a particular decision-maker/ decision-making
E-Advocacy Model: It
is based on setting up a planned, directed flow of information to build strong
virtual allies to complement action in the real situation. It builds the
momentum of real world processes by adding the opinions and concerns expressed
by virtual communities. Virtual communities come together because they share
similar view points or idea or concerns or issues and these communities in turn
join together to support real life group activities for concerted action.
The strength of this is in its diversity of the virtual community, and the ideas, expertise and resources accumulated through this virtual form of networking. The model is able to mobilize and leverage human resources and information beyond geographical, institutional and bureaucratic barriers, and use it for concerted action. Ex. PRS legislative, Green Peace, etc.
Applications:
- Fostering public debates on global issues, namely on the themes of upcoming conferences, treaties etc.
- Formation of pressure groups on key issues to force decision-makers to take their concerns into cognizance.
- Making available opinions of a suppressed groups who are not involved in the decision-making process into wider public domain.
- Catalyzing wider participation in decision-making processes.
- Building up global expertise on a particular theme in absence of a localized information to aid decision-making.
- Amplifying the voices of marginalized who are traditionally marginalized from decision making processes.
The Interactive Service Model: This model opens government door for direct participation of citizens in governance and thus brings greater objectivity and transparency in decision-making processes through use of ICT tools. Government services are directly available to its citizen in an interactive manner and is done by opening interactive Government to consumer to government (G2C2G) channels in various aspect of governance. Some examples are: Grievance Redressal Portal, online passport etc.
Applications:
§ Establishing interactive communication channels with key policy-makers and members of Planning Commissions.
- Conducting electronic ballots for the election of government officials and other office bearers.
- To conduct public debates / opinion polls on issues of wider concern before formulation of policies and legislative frameworks.
- Filing of grievances, feedback and reports by citizens with the concerned governmental body.
- To establish decentralized forms of governance.
- Performing governance functions online such as revenue collection, procurement etc.
Critical Steps towards E Governance
Electronic government vs. ICT Governance of State transformation in the following section, we present our understanding of the interaction between ICT and State transformation. The drivers of State transformation within the past years, State transformation was increasingly driven by globalization. Moreover, the transformation of State was equated with the modernization of the State operational activities. (Finger and Pécoud 2003)
At present, the State is challenged with various factors.
FINANCIAL CHALLENGES: In the
past, the State and its administration was more or less accepted by society.
Businesses were running great, profits reached ever increasing margins and
taxes were being paid. The State had no reasons to complain and did not take
care of financial matters. This has changed. Regression and market consolidation
in almost every business sector urged society and government to react. Dramatic
drops of tax incomes and significant raising costs of political systems and
social security networks have put the State under enormous pressure.
LEGITIMIZATION CHALLENGES: State-run administrations were slow and
discouraged citizens and the private sector. Governance mechanisms and public
policy systems were being questioned. Driven by economic and political
pressures, the State was forced to apply standardized economic methodologies in
order to legitimatize its existence by improving service delivery to citizens
the private sector.
COMPETITION: In a
global economy, companies aim entering markets in different countries and
continents. In order to keep the countries attractive for foreign investors,
the State is forced to prepare the political and regulatory framework. The
State has to react on multiple cultures and industrial prerequisites,
international companies expect to be fulfilled. Next to the private sector, the
State is in charge of preparing the economic environment in a globalized world.
TECHNOLOGY: The
dot-com hype vanished and globalization came up with its more unpleasant side.
Second to none, information technology represented by the internet, enables the
actors in society and industry to critically asses the role and functionality
of governments and administration. Information and technology are forcing
governments and administration to question their own structures and procedures.
As a reaction on these challenges, the State is rethinking its main functions.
With these presented challenges, appropriate
measures should be taken into account in order to move towards an integrated
e-Governance approach.
• Information technology supports the
front-end process integration for the ‘clients’ of deregulation (private sector
companies and investors).
• Process re-engineering and change
management approaches are effective means for the conceptual back-end
restructuring of deregulation.
EVALUATING THE TECHNOLOGY.
The front-end process integration by information technology turned out to be
sufficient for partial wins. However, technology did not contribute
comprehensively to the overall success of the project. Technology simplified
and supported the process integration, but did not cover the re-engineering of license
management as a whole.
THE FUNCTIONs: The targeted the deregulation of license management. Deregulation meant improving and simplifying complex procedures and rules, which will be embedded in rigid political systems. It will faced with a high level of complexity and uncertainty regarding potential solutions.
The e-Governance driver analysis will leads to the following visualization of project’s state of progress regarding our e-Governance model.
